An increase in the minimum wage does cause restaurants to close, a new study suggests. But only a certain kind of restaurant: the ones that patrons already liked less.
The study, a working paper by Dara Lee Luca at Mathematica Policy Research and Michael Luca at the Harvard Business School, analyzed almost 10 years of Yelp rating and closure data from more than 30,000 San Francisco Bay area restaurants. By comparing closure rates to user ratings and the timing of the region’s multiple minimum wage increases, the Lucas, who are married, were able to determine how the hikes impacted a restaurant’s chances of closing.
Those chances varied widely by the restaurant’s popularity, concludes the study, which was sponsored by Yelp. Among 3.5-star restaurants, every $1 increase in the minimum wage increases the restaurant’s chances of closing by 14 percent. But five-star restaurants don’t experience that same effect.
“You are losing something from the market,” Michael Luca acknowledged. “But what you’re losing is the lower-quality businesses.”
The Lucas’ results speak to a critical question in the debate over minimum wage: Whom will higher wages hurt in the wider economy? While this data doesn’t address questions of jobs or unemployment, it does suggest that the impact on business may be less confined than some critics have expected. Rather than handicapping successful businesses, higher wages appear to shorten the time before unsuccessful businesses close. And because there’s a great deal of churn in the restaurant industry, new restaurants frequently replace the old ones.
Luca has a few theories on why minimum wage hikes might impact low-quality restaurants more than high-quality ones. For starters, five-star restaurants generally have better service. It makes more economic sense for a restaurant that values and depends on good service to invest more heavily in its workforce.
Luca’s data also suggests that five-star restaurants are generally more profitable: that makes them less susceptible to market shocks, and more likely to stay open at any wage level. A three-star restaurant would also be more vulnerable, Luca said, to something like sudden increases in rent.
“At any wage level, some businesses are doing well and some aren’t,” Luca said. “If you’re closest to the margin already, then something like a minimum wage increase is more likely to push you over the edge.”
Importantly, Luca’s study did not look at the impact of wage increases on employment — something he emphasizes. Because food service is a high-churn industry, in which restaurants open and close and employees move around all the time, the fact that one restaurant closes does not necessarily mean more people will be unemployed.
There is also little correlation between a restaurant’s Yelp rating and its price, Luca cautioned. While it may be tempting to come away from his results with the impression that low-end restaurants face more risk, that is not consistent with the data, Luca said.
In his sample, the average restaurant had a tenure of almost six years, a rating of 3.6 stars, and a price indicator of 1.6 “dollar signs” — Yelp-speak for roughly $22 per head.
According to Yelp, nearly half of all the restaurants on its platform have five stars. Roughly one-third have three stars or less.
