SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico – The construction worker stood on his tiptoes and tried to arrange a crown of thorns on a statue of Jesus while architect Jorge Rigau fired a flurry of directions from beneath the ladder.
“Grab it like this and move it just a bit,” he said, motioning with his fingers. “Move it to the right, but don’t lower it.”
It was one of the final touches on a detailed restoration of the second oldest surviving Spanish church in the Americas, whose construction had begun by 1532 on land donated by famous explorer Juan Ponce de Le’on and whose base was erected atop an Indigenous settlement.
The church was built for a Dominican convent where the renowned Spanish priest Bartolom’e de las Casas once lived, served as shelter during an attack by the Indigenous Ta’inos, became Puerto Rico’s first high school and was damaged by a cannonball during the 1898 Spanish-American War in which Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the U.S.
But the San Jos’e Church – surpassed in age only by the Spanish cathedral in the neighboring Dominican Republic – was shuttered in 1996 due to serious deterioration. San Juan’s own cathedral dates to 1521, but the original wooden building was destroyed and the current structure dates to 1540.
The $11 million restoration became a personal project for businessman Ricardo Gonz’alez that took nearly two decades to complete. Many thought it would fail due to funding problems, the lack of an original blueprint to provide guidance and widespread deterioration including termites, pigeon droppings and tree roots that had pierced the church’s Gothic-style nave whose ribbed vault was once described as “a grand accomplishment rarely seen outside Europe.”
Gonz’alez, who is active in the Catholic Church, volunteered to help oversee its reconstruction in the early 2000s with permission from Msgr. Roberto Gonz’alez, the archbishop of San Juan. He figured it would take one year to complete.
But as workers probed with radar and laser technology and physically peeled away the church’s layers, they uncovered centuries-old murals and architectural techniques once used by the Romans. Ricardo Gonz’alez realized he faced a deep and lengthy restoration process.
“When we started on that, there was no turning back,” he said.
In 2009, he founded the Patronage of Monuments of San Juan, Inc. to raise more funds for the project. Donations ranged from a couple of quarters to large amounts given by businesses, nonprofit organizations and wealthy Puerto Ricans.
For years, tourists and locals had all but given up on being able to once again visit the site.
On a recent visit to the church, Gonz’alez’s eyes teared up.
“Every day I walk through there and get emotional,” he said as he stood on the roof and gestured at the building. “I’ve seen the movie, you know?”
It began, he said, with National Park Service experts showing construction workers how to use lime in accordance with the church’s original workmanship. Workers then had to chip away the concrete that covered the walls of the nearly 17,000-square-foot church bit by bit, in tiny sections to avoid damaging what might be below.
Later, experts were hired from abroad to restore murals and other art, including armored mermaids painted in the corners of one chapel.
The renovation was halted only three times in nearly 20 years: briefly after 2017’s Hurricane Maria, during last year’s pandemic lockdown and in 2008, when the lime supplier temporarily ran out of material.
Rather than face that problem again, Gonz’alez decided the workers – many of them from the Dominican Republic – would learn how to make their own lime, a lengthy process that requires aging the mixture. Instead of horsehair once used to help bind such material, Gonz’alez opted for strips of fiberglass.
They shunned the easier but less authentic concrete used during a prior restoration.
“The cement does not allow the walls to breathe,” he said, noting that humidity played a role in the deterioration of the church, which was built near the ocean atop an Indian settlement at the highest point of San Juan’s historic district, known as Old San Juan.
The church and its walls have survived a lot over the centuries, said Archbishop Gonz’alez, who is not related to the businessman.
“It’s a wonder,” he said as he scanned the church while sitting on one of the pews that will be used for Masses after the opening on March 19.
