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Clark County history: Walter R. Dry, a tireless advocate for blind students’ education

By Martin Middlewood, Columbian freelance contributor
Published: December 7, 2024, 6:05am

Walter R. Dry spent his entire life educating blind students in two states. Rising from an able instructor at the Washington State School for the Blind to the superintendent of the Oregon State School for the Blind, he championed the Oregon Plan to move the students into public schools. The versatile Dry taught gym, typing, woodshop and piano tuning — and, in the process, learned there were few limits to what a blind child could achieve.

One of his partially sighted students, Emil Fries, graduated from the University of Washington and founded the Piano Hospital and Training Center on Evergreen Boulevard in 1945. (It closed in 2016.) Fries and his former teacher became good friends, and Dry mentored and advised him. When Fries was turned down for the blind school’s supervisory position, he turned to Dry, who merely told him, “You know why.”

Another student, Don Donaldson, recalled in his autobiography, “What’s in a Name,” that Dry taught him to type using just seven fingers. Donaldson had lost the others playing with dynamite caps. Donaldson also graduated from Washington and wrote a thesis about the history of the school for the blind up to 1938. While his thesis doesn’t mention Day, it provides insights into student life at the school and its leadership. He tells how the superintendent, Thomas Clarke, believed in the “religion of work” and how the school emphasized the independence of students by providing them with skills they’d need in life.

Dry worked under Clarke for several years, but by the time Donaldson’s thesis was published, he’d left. In 1931, Oregon Gov. Julius Meier was busy cleaning his administrative houses. With board approval, he dismissed J.W. Howard, superintendent of the school, and the school’s entire staff, including Howard’s wife, a school matron. The board voted unanimously to replace Howard with Dry, who was free to restaff the school as he saw fit.

At that time, the Salem school had 74 students. Enrollment increased through the 1940s and boomed in the 1950s. During the 1940s, a landmark shift in disadvantaged students’ education occurred. Dry and the OSB administrators pioneered the Oregon Plan, a revolutionary method encouraging blind school and public school collaboration. By the late 1940s, Oregon ceased offering typical high school coursework and focused on teaching Braille and preparing students to attend public schools. Active in the local community service organizations — including the Masonic Lodge, Kiwanis and Lions Club — Dry was a ceaseless advocate for the plan, speaking to civic and community groups and writing about it.

When Dry retired in 1956, he was celebrated. The Oregon Plan worked so well it helped lead to the school’s closure in 2009. For 136 years, from 1872 until then, OSB served the visually disadvantaged. The teacher who rose to become superintendent died in 1970 after dedicating his life to that educational cause.

Today, many schools for the blind educate students with multiple disadvantages while debates about specialty and public schools continue.


Martin Middlewood is editor of the Clark County Historical Society Annual. Reach him at ClarkCoHist@gmail.com.

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Columbian freelance contributor