During the Winter Olympics, viewers around the world marveled at the pristine snow-capped mountains surrounding Sochi, Russia’s Black Sea resort city.
One American camera crew even took a ride on the Siberian railroad filming the picturesque countryside. Too bad they didn’t go all the way to Norilsk, some 1,800 miles from Moscow in the middle of Siberia.
Norilsk is Russia’s most polluted city. It reminds you of an America mining town a century ago. It is pockmarked with tall smokestacks belching out nearly 500 tons each of copper and nickel oxides a year, along with 2 million tons of sulfur dioxide, a key ingredient in acid rain.
In this city of 175,000, the snow is black, the air tastes of sulfur and the life expectancy for factory workers is 10 years below the Russian average. Its foul air accounts for almost 16 percent of all deaths among children.
Norilsk was founded in 1935 as a USSR slave labor mining camp. Today, its nickel mines and associated smelters produce one-third of the world’s nickel and a substantial portion of Russia’s copper, cobalt, platinum and palladium.
Looking at a photo of Norilsk reminds me of photos of Butte, Mont., when my great-grandfather worked in the underground copper mines in the early 1900s. Mine head frames dotted Butte Hill, once known as the “Richest Hill on Earth,” and black smoke belched from smelter stacks.
In 1919, the Anaconda Copper Mining Company consolidated its ore smelting operations in Anaconda, 25 miles west of Butte, and constructed the world’s largest smokestack.
Wider dispersal
In those days, tall smokestacks dispersed the pollutants away from cities, but in the process, the toxic emissions killed surrounding forest and croplands, as they do today around Norilsk. ACM bought a half-million acres southwest of Anaconda because the vegetation was dying from the smoke. Today, that land has recovered, and is part of the Mount Haggin Wildlife Management unit, with clear mountain streams and verdant forest.
Over the years, Americans realized that higher smokestacks only polluted a broader area. With stronger air pollution laws in the 1970s, power plant owners installed stack scrubbers and many switched to low-sulfur coal from Montana and Wyoming.
ACM installed scrubbers in its massive Anaconda smelter stack and built an $88 million higher efficiency ore furnace. The improvements were costly at a time when copper prices dipped because of the nation’s prolonged recession.
The investments were for naught because on Sept. 29, 1980, known as “Black Monday,” company officials announced that smelter operations were suspended and the smelter would be demolished. Some 1,200 smelter workers woke up without jobs.
While government officials acted appropriately to reduce pollution and clean up the mining mess, the Anaconda smelter closed largely because it was bleeding red ink. It couldn’t compete with foreign companies that didn’t have the same rigid environmental standards and production costs.
The world needs copper and nickel, and customers will buy them wherever they’re available. In this case, Norilsk metals are still on the market. Anaconda metals are not.
In trying to have pollution-free metals production, we inadvertently drove that industry and those jobs to nations with few environmental protections. Ironically, our efforts to eliminate pollution in the U.S. have ended up benefiting the world’s worst polluters.
We need to ask ourselves: Is it better to produce metals here as cleanly as possible with the best technology available or close plants and lose family-wage jobs while the world buys metals from the worst polluters on the planet?
