Take, for instance, the cities of Cincinnati and Pittsburgh. Children who grow up in low-income families in Cincinnati have an average income of $23,000 at age 26, according to the analysis, while those in Pittsburgh have an income of $28,000.
The analysis plots the increases in income that children of low-income families will, on average, obtain by moving from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh at some point during their childhood.
Children who were 9 years old at the time of the move, the analysis shows, “capture 50 percent of this difference, leading to an income of approximately $25,500 as adults.” Conversely, children who move from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh at later ages “have steadily declining incomes, relative to those who moved at younger ages,” the study shows.
In other words, the younger you are when your family makes that move, the fatter your wallet will be, on average, later on.
DuPage County in Illinois is No. 1 in the study’s upward-mobility rankings of the 100 largest counties in the U.S. Each additional year that a child spends growing up there raises that child’s household income in adulthood by 0.76 percent.
What about Clark County? It’s “about average in helping poor children up the income ladder,” according to a report by The New York Times based on Chetty and Hendren’s research.
So, what are the characteristics of places that improve upward mobility?
They tend to have “less segregation by income and race, lower levels of income inequality, better schools, lower rates of violent crime, and a larger share of two-parent households,” according to the study.
The study makes clear that moving to a better place is hardly the only, or even the most practical, way to climb the income ladder. They argue for rejuvenating neighborhoods with low levels of mobility.
How? The authors say their findings “provide support for policies that reduce segregation and concentrated poverty in cities” — such as affordable housing subsidies or changes in zoning laws — “as well as efforts to improve public schools.”
