Phil Hays of Salmon Creek demonstrates how he charges his 2023 Volkswagen ID.4 electric vehicle. Hays had to regroup after one dealership slapped a $7,500 mark-up on an ID.4 he'd ordered months before. (Photos by Amanda Cowan/The Columbian)Photo Gallery
After a year of waiting, Phil Hays received good news: His Volkswagen ID.4 was ready to be shipped from the manufacturer to the dealer.
Hays had done his research. Retired and no longer having to commute to work, he was sold on Volkswagen’s battery electric vehicle, a sporty four-door crossover SUV that had more than enough range for his needs and would require less maintenance.
And he was thrilled not to have to pay more than $4 for a gallon of gas.
The Vancouver resident expected to pay what is called, in auto sales lingo, MSRP — manufacturer’s suggested retail price — but when Hays showed up at the showroom in February, the dealer had raised the car’s price by $7,500.
Know Your Terms
BEV: Battery electric vehicle
PHEV: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
ICE: Internal combustion engine
Did You Know?
Although plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have a gasoline tank and an internal combustion engine in addition to their battery and electric motor, they are still considered electric vehicles, so much so that they qualify for the federal tax rebate.
“It was a sucker punch,” said Hays, who drove off the lot in his old car.
Clark County, Washington’s fifth-most-populous county, ranks fourth in the number of registered “battery electric vehicles” — known as BEVs. Over the past two years, Clark County drivers purchased more than 2,000 BEVs, raising the total to 4,890, according to data from the state Department of Licensing.
With rebates available from the federal government and Clark Public Utilities and concerns about unstable fuel prices and the impact of fossil fuels on the environment, the attraction for electric vehicles is growing. Rules that will require all new cars sold in Washington to be nearly emission-free by 2035 further stimulate demand that supply cannot yet meet.
The result has been higher prices, long waits and too little inventory for Clark County residents eager to get on the BEV bandwagon.
Demand
Ron Stiglich of Vancouver was an early BEV adopter, purchasing a used Nissan Leaf in 2015 for $18,000. The car had 30,000 miles on it and a maximum range of about 90 miles on a single charge.
The limited range didn’t bother Stiglich, who also owned a gas-powered car. The Leaf was his around-town car, and he typically drove it no farther than Beaverton, Ore.
The variety of BEVs seven years ago was not what it is now. Stiglich chose between the Leaf and the now-discontinued BMW i3. Other BEVs on the market then included the Chevrolet Spark EV — discontinued with the launch of the Bolt — the Volkswagen e-Golf, Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive, Fiat 500e, Tesla Model S and Model X, as well as a few others.
Significantly more BEVs are on the market now, including those with greater range. The Spark EV’s range was about 80 miles compared with the Bolt’s 250 miles, and the 2023 Leaf can travel about 150-215 miles on a single charge. Even the range of the Tesla Model S has increased from about 200-270 miles in 2015 to about 400 miles now.
Affordability remains an issue. The average price of a BEV exceeds $66,000, about $20,000 more than the average for all new cars, according to Kelley Blue Book estimates. Teslas, which make up more than half of the 4,890 BEVs in Clark County, start at $46,990.
Making electric vehicles more affordable is a federal tax credit of up to $7,500 for a new electric vehicle, whether it is a plug-in hybrid — referred to as PHEV — or a fully electric vehicle. A $4,000 credit is available for used electric vehicles.
What percent of new passenger vehicle registrations are EVs?
In November 2022:
83% are internal combustion engine (2,532)
6% are battery electric vehicles (185)
2% are plug-in hybrids (63)
5% other hybrids
In November 2021:
87% are internal combustion engine (2,652)
4% are battery electric vehicles (117)
1% are plug-in hybrids (40)
5% other hybrids
In January 2020:
92% are internal combustion engine (3,795)
3% are battery electric vehicles (108)
1% are plug-in hybrids (25)
5% other hybrids
— Washington Department of Licensing
Power costs low
On top of the benefit of the rebates, electricity is relatively cheap in Clark County. Clark Public Utilities offers electricity at roughly eight cents per kilowatt-hour for residential rates. In King County, the average is over 12 cents per kilowatt-hour.
Stiglich, who bought a Chevy Bolt in 2021, calculated that he paid $200 in electricity for the 10,000 miles he drove on the new car, compared with the roughly $1,300 he would have paid in gasoline on his 2020 Ford Escape.
The cost of operating an electric vehicle can vary greatly, depending on where a driver charges the vehicle. Stiglich typically charges his car at home, trying to avoid public chargers, where he once had to pay 51 cents a kilowatt-hour, more than six times what it costs in his own garage.
“You’re gonna save a lot of money on gas,” he said, “but if you have to rely on public charging, think hard and look at the costs of charging.”
Where are the EVs?
A number of BEV owners appear to live in two of Clark County’s wealthiest neighborhoods. The 98607 postal code, covering the Camas area, and the 98685 postal code, encompassing the Felida and Salmon Creek areas, each has more BEVs and fewer people than the 98661 postal code, which covers parts of Vancouver, Walnut Grove and Minnehaha, according to according to data from the state Department of Licensing.
The Camas postal area, with 29,123 people, has 807 registered BEVs and the Felida-Salmon Creek postal area, with 27,336 residents, has 377 registered BEVs, compared with the Vancouver postal area’s 243,000 people and 287 registered BEVs.
For as many resources and incentives are available, simply finding a vehicle can be exceedingly difficult. Long waits and dealer markups can frustrate someone hoping to drive off in a new BEV.
BEVs sales made up only 6 percent of the new passenger vehicle registrations in Clark County in November 2022, according to the state Department of Licensing. Comparatively, vehicles featuring the internal combustion engine — also known as ICE — made up 83 percent of new registrations that month. The other registrations were for PHEVs and others.
In spite of the gap, the demand for BEVs far outpaces supply, according to Kent VanArnam, director of marketing at Dick Hannah, which sells a variety of brands including Toyota, Subaru, Volkswagen and Dodge.
The bottleneck stems from manufacturers taking a long time to ramp up production, which requires them to build new factories and invest in new technologies. Manufacturers are essentially building a brand-new car, VanArnam said.
“These companies are creating a brand-new product that they’ve never had before, and it takes longer than some people would think to do that,” he said.
Demand outpacing supply is not unique
Alan Webb Chevrolet had zero Bolts early this month, according to Mike Woods, a sales consultant. If prospective buyers wanted to test drive a car, they couldn’t. And buyers were facing a three- to five-month wait for delivery.
Woods said the backlog stems from a shortage of semiconductor chips, which, according to the New York Times, are “used to calibrate cars’ fuel injection, run infotainment systems or provide the brains for cruise control.” Vehicles can easily have more than 3,000 chips, the article added.
In spite of Vancouver Ford being one of the top Mustang Mach-E dealerships in the Northwest, it sold only about two dozen in 2022, according to Monte Phillips, general manager of the Vancouver Auto Group, which consists of Ford, Hyundai and Genesis dealerships. Demand for the F-150 Lightning pickup was even greater, with nearly 400 orders placed, but fewer than 10 trucks were delivered. Again, supply-chain issues were to blame, Phillips said.
By comparison, Vancouver Ford sold about 300 internal combustion F-150s in 2022 and likely could have sold more if it had been allotted more by the manufacturer, Phillips said.
Because Washington won’t be a zero-emission-vehicle state until 2025, Vancouver Hyundai did not receive a single electric Kona from the manufacturer, according to Phillips.
All pre-orders required a refundable $500 deposit, but Phillips said his company does not sell ordered vehicles above MSRP, although it does mark up some units already on the lot.
Phillips said he is familiar with stories like Hays’, however. He had a customer who ordered an F-150 Lightning at another dealership, but when the truck was ready to be shipped, the dealer told the would-be customer the price would be $25,000 higher because of a limited supply of the vehicle. The customer, Phillips said, ended up doing business with the Vancouver Auto Group.
Manufacturers like Ford, General Motors, Subaru and Hyundai cracked down on dealership markups in 2022, according to Kelley Blue Book.
‘I wanted to simplify my life’
Hays finally received his ID.4 in October 2022. It’s black, has all-wheel drive, and can do back-in as well as parallel parking.
After his first reservation fell through, he placed a second reservation at a Volkswagen dealership in Hillsboro that did not mark up online orders above MSRP. The second reservation took six months. In spite of the hassle it took, he’s glad he did it.
Are BEVs better for the Environment?
That battery electric vehicles, also known as BEVs, are better for the environment seems obvious to many, but is it true? BEVs are more environmentally costly to produce than cars with internal-combustion engines, and manufacturing the batteries — from mining the raw materials like cobalt and lithium to their production and transportation — is particularly energy-intensive.
However, the distance closes when BEVs are driven. A study from the University of Michigan with a grant from the Ford Motor Co. found that the pollution output based on the average number of vehicle miles traveled in the United States evens out between 1.4 to 1.5 years for sedans, 1.6 to 1.9 years for SUVs and roughly 1.6 years for pickups.
Moreover, emissions from BEV sedans were 35 percent of the emissions from an internal-combustion sedan. Electric SUVs produced 37 percent of the emissions of a gasoline-powered counterpart, and a BEV pickup created 34 percent of the emissions of an internal-combustion model.
The majority of lithium-ion batteries are, according to Vox, sent to facilities that shred them into “black mass” that gets broken down to recycle the lithium via either a heat process called pyrometallurgy or a chemical process called hydrometallurgy.
— William Seekamp
Hays anticipates being eligible for the full $7,500 tax credit on his 2022 returns, but he said he would have still purchased the car without the rebates.
“I just want something with less maintenance, and that’s what it boils down to,” he said. “Whether it’s pulling into a gas station or scheduling an oil change or having the transmission fluid checked and all that other stuff, I wanted to simplify my life.”
This story was made possible by Community Funded Journalism, a project from The Columbian and the Local Media Foundation. Top donors include the Ed and Dollie Lynch Fund, Patricia, David and Jacob Nierenberg, Connie and Lee Kearney, Steve and Jan Oliva, The Cowlitz Tribal Foundation and the Mason E. Nolan Charitable Fund. The Columbian controls all content. For more information, visit columbian.com/cfj.
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